Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used in lead-acid batteries for microscopic morphology observation and elemental analysis of plates, active materials, grids, and corrosion products. Secondary electron imaging clearly reveals the particle size and pore structure of positive PbO₂ and negative sponge lead, as well as the interfacial bonding between active materials and grids. Combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), it can determine the distribution and enrichment of elements such as Pb, O, and S in failure phenomena including sulfation, grid corrosion, and active material shedding. This technology provides intuitive microscopic evidence for process optimization, incoming inspection, and failure analysis of lead-acid batteries.